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Plains Indian Sign Language
The Plains Indian sign languages (PISL), also known as Plains Sign Talk, are various manually coded languages used, or formerly used, by various Plains Nations of the United States and Canada. The best known is Plains Standard Sign Language, a contact language (international auxiliary language) used between these peoples.
==History==
PISL's antecedents, if any, are unknown, due to lack of written records, but the earliest records of contact between Europeans and Native Americans of the Gulf Coast region in what is now Texas and northern Mexico note a fully formed sign language already in use by the Europeans' arrival there.〔Wurtzburg, Susan, and Campbell, Lyle. North American Indian Sign Language: Evidence for its Existence before European Contact. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 61, No. 2 (Apr., 1995), pp. 153-167.〕 These records include the accounts of Cabeza de Vaca in 1527 and Coronado in 1541.
As a result of several factors, including the massive depopulation and the Americanization of Native North Americans, the number of PISL signers declined from European arrival onward. In 1885, it was estimated that there were over 110,000 "sign-talking Indians", including Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Sioux, Kiowa and Arapaho.〔Tomkins, William. ''Indian sign language.'' (of "Universal Indian Sign Language of the Plains Indians of North America" 5th ed. 1931 ). New York : Dover Publications 1969. (p. 7)〕 By the 1960s, there remained a "very small percentage of this number".〔 There are few PISL signers today.〔(Ethnologue report for Plain Indian Sign Language )〕
William Philo Clark, who served in the United States Army on the northern plains during the Indian Wars, was the author of ''The Indian Sign Language'', first published in 1885, ''The Indian Sign Language with Brief Explanatory Notes of the Gestures Taught Deaf-Mutes in Our Institutions and a Description of Some of the Peculiar Laws, Customs, Myths, Superstitions, Ways of Living, Codes of Peace and War Signs'', is a comprehensive lexicon of signs, with accompanying insights into Indigenous cultures and histories. It remains in print.
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